21: 3721. A lower-angle pattern (helical or polar) will provide longitudinal strength, while a high-angle hoop will ensure greater circumferential strength. Tribological characteristics of short glass fibre reinforced polycarbonate composites. ; Bravim Jnior, J.C.; Costa, M.L. ; Jabbari, M.; Larsen, M.; Hattel, J.H. Glass fibre also irritates a person's skin as well as eyes and lungs. For example, compared to the VBM technique, the AM method produces FRP laminates with more careful thickness control and a lower void content. Hussain, M.; Nakahira, A.; Niihara, K. Mechanical property improvement of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites by Al2O3 filler dispersion. Glass fibers possesses good properties such as high strength, flexibility, stiffness, durability etc. The best productivity is found in injection molding and pultrusion processes, and the flexibility of properties and geometry is in favor of the resin transfer molding process. Indeed, the mechanical, thermal, physical and aesthetic properties of the created parts are very similar to those injected in series. Moreover, many other developments have been made in the VARTM method, such as vacuum-assisted process (VAP), Seeman composites resin infusion molding process (SCRIMP) and controlled atmospheric pressure resin infusion (CAPRI). Mishra, G.; Mohapatra, S.; Behera, P.; Dash, B.; Mohanty, U.; Ray, B. ; Kaynan, O.; Asadi, A. of FRP composites. Presently, glass fibers are identified as the most adaptable manufacturing materials among others. Disadvantages of fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe Low elastic modulus. The wet winding continuous CFRP composites require a mandrel temperature of 7080 C, a dipping time of 12 s and a dipping temperature of 8085 C. In addition, a wide range of matrices can be used, such as polyester (best cost), epoxy (high-strength, higher temperature capability), vinyl-ester (high-strength, impact and chemical resistance), phenolic (fire-resistance, low smoke) and bismaleimides (higher temperature than epoxies). Glass-reinforced plastic, more commonly known as fiberglass, is known for being light and strong. In addition, as HLU is a high-grade manual handling process, special care must be taken because the flammability and toxicity of the resin is a very important safety issue. [. It is well-known that thermal conductivity is the characteristic of a material that explains its capability to transfer heat. III. The Youngs modulus and elastic strain of the GFRP and CFRP composites increased with the CF and GF to some extent, and then subsequently decreased with a further increase in CF and GF. Determination of elastic constants of glass/epoxy unidirectional laminates by the vibration testing of plates. Thus, a winding pressure of 68 MPa and a fiber tension of 8.316.6 MPa are recommended, respectively. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Chauhan, S.R. Effects of rod size and fiber hybrid mode on the interface shear strength of carbon/glass fiber composite rods exposed to freezing-thawing and outdoor environments. Stiffness FRP is upto 3.3times as rigid as timber and will not permanently deform under working load. Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic Instead, for the GFRP-G specimen, for which the holding force is perpendicular to fibre direction, the impact energy is spent in a combination with delamination, and ruptures with a consequently wider extension of the damaged area. Moreover, the CM process uses different thermosetting resins in a partly cured stage, either in the form of putty-like masses, granules or preforms. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. In Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of the Maritme Association of the Mediterranean, Varna, Bulgaria, 911 September 2019; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019. and the rehabilitation of existing metallic and concrete structures such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, masonry construction, etc. ; Francis, B.; Yang, W.; Thomas, S. Morphology, dynamic mechanical and thermal studies on poly (styrene-co-acrylonitrile) modified epoxy resin/glass fibre composites. After the glass fiber is reinforced, the melt viscosity of PP increases, the fluidity becomes worse, and the injection pressure increases a lot. Glass fibre being considered as cancer-causing, it is labelled a health concern. The growing demand for FRP composites leads to a huge consumption of materials and technologies that affect the environment. Yue, H.; Zheng, Y.; Zheng, P.; Guo, J.; Fernndez-Blzquez, J.P.; Clark, J.H. Energy conversion and storage are crucial aspects of this effort, as they allow the introduction of renewable energy resources. Carbon Nanofiber/SiO2 Nanoparticle/HDPE composites as physically resilient and submersible water-repellent coatings on HDPE Substrates. ; Garcia Padilla, E.E. Ellyin, F.; Maser, R. Environmental effects on the mechanical properties of glass-fiber epoxy composite tubular specimens. Grgen, S.; Sofuolu, M.A. It is known that residual stresses can cause either premature failure or dimensional deviations of components. 2017. AM is a manufacturing technique that uses a two-sided mold set that forms both outer surfaces of the FRP composite panel. Bledzki, A.; Kessler, A.; Rikards, R.; Chate, A. mainly for GFRP composites from transport, building and aeronautics. Caruso, J.; Cristos, C.C. Major efforts have been dedicated to reducing fuel loss by implementing lightweight materials in automotive, railway, naval, aerospace, etc. Abdalla, F.H. Mechanical and wear characterization of gf reinforced vinyl ester resin composites with different co-monomers. Alsalihi, M.A.J. Voids, micro-cracks, delamination and fiber wrinkles are common defects that appear in the FW parts. The specialized literature is not very rich in terms of FRP thermal properties [, The limitations of conventional metallic materials (e.g., steel, aluminum, etc.) Presently, the price of CFRP composites has dropped, presenting them as more attractive for use in many applications. Forintos, N.; Czigny, T. Multifunctional application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites: Electrical properties of the reinforcing carbon fibersA short review. Vila, J.; Gonzlez, C.; LLorca, J. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. It is easy to see that autoclave and filament winding processes offer the best parts quality, while compression molding offers the lowest tooling costs and size potential. Li, G.; Xian, G.; Li, H. Tension-tension fatigue performance of a large-diameter pultruded carbon/glass hybrid rod. ; Cui, Y. ; Tsai, S.W. Anand, P.; Rajesh, D.; Senthil Kumar, M.; Raj, I.S. FRP reinforcements offer a number of advantages such as corrosion resistance, non-magnetic properties, high tensile strength, lightweight and ease of handling. Song, X. ; Wagh, P.H. Gowayed, Y.; Hwang, J.C. Conventional metal structures are being replaced by CFRP composites in aircraft, due to their lightweight and strong design structure. However, the continuous demand for composite structures leads to a huge consumption of materials that affect the environment. Smart, Pseudo-ductile, Reinforcing Rods for Concrete: Manufacture and Test. Werner, V.M.K. Also, the strain to failure increases by 20.7% than carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (CE) composite by substituting one glass fiber by one carbon fiber at the top end. Carbon fiber reinforced root canal posts Mechanical and cytotoxic properties. Therefore, the current environmental situation, which has reached a critical point, requires prompt and objective actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. De Souza, A.; Gomes, G.F.; Peres, E.P. Corrosion Resistant - Glass fiber reinforced polymers are inherently anti corrosive. ; Lappalainen, R. Transverse strength and fatigue of denture acrylic-glass fiber composite. In. Witik, R.A.; Payet, J.; Michaud, V.; Ludwig, C.; Mnson, J.A.E. Moreover, this technique is somewhat similar to the hot press process, the only notable difference being the way of applying heat and pressure. Yoon, M.-K.; Baidoo, J.; Gillespie, J.W. The CFRPs using ultra-high- and high-modulus CFs are suitable for the aerospace industry because their strength-to-weight ratio is among the highest of all FRP composites. The main technological advantages of these materials are low weight, high specific strength and stiffness, environmental resistance and long life. In. ; Cha, S.W. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. As an example, in 2017, the European market (1.1 million tons) for GFRP composites has experienced a steady annual growth of +2% from 2009, of which the PT sector (53,000 tons) showed the fastest growth of +6% [. Due to their tailorable properties and unique characteristics (high strength, flexibility and stiffness), glass (GFs) and carbon (CFs) fibers are widely used in the production of advanced polymer matrix composites. Ricciardi, M.R. In general, the FW process has three winding patterns: helical, circumferential and polar winding [, The first step in the wet FW process is to gather the fibers from a set of creels, group them by passing through a textile comb, followed by pulling them through a resin bath. Therefore, to obtain a mold shape that allows the resin to flow evenly to all sections of the part, the flow process requires extensive testing and some advanced fluid dynamics simulations. Moreover, the SRM components can withstand extreme temperatures of heat (+180 C) and cold (60 C), making them an ideal choice for parts under the cars hood and in the immediate vicinity of engines. Space: satellites, space centers, launch vehicles, spaceports, remote manipulator arm, payload bay doors, antenna struts and ribs, high-gain antenna, etc. Savignac, L.; Danis, A.S.; Charbonneau, M.; Schougaard, S.B. ), wound dressing, dental resin-based composites, etc. Experimental and numerical crack paths in PUR foams. Despite the type of use, once micro-cracks have been created within FRP materials, the sincerity of the composite construction is automatically negotiated. Following the HLU process, Suresha and Chandramohan [. Thermal conductivity of an FRP composite is a function of several factors, of which the most important are fiber and matrix type, fiber volume fraction, fiber characteristics, the regulation of heat flow, matrixfiber interaction and assistance temperature. Investigation on sliding wear behaviour and mechanical properties of jatropha oil cake-filled glass-epoxy composites. GFs are wonderful at working under high tensile stress, but are inadequate in terms of existing compression owing to their fragile character. Gajjar, T.; Shah, D.B. From:Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Polymer Matrix Composites, 2013 Related terms: Masters Thesis, The University of WisconsinMilwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA, 2014. The hand lay-up (HLU) process is the simplest and oldest of the FRP composite manufacturing processes. Chauhan, S.; Kumar, A.; Patnaik, A.; Satapathy, A.; Singh, I. Golewski, G.L. The dominance of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in industries has increased the need for scientific research to develop new reinforced composites and evaluate their main properties. Due to its relatively short cycle time, low equipment costs and labor requirements, this method is used to manufacture automotive (truck panels), marine (boat hulls), aerospace and wind turbine blade products. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. Yousif, B.F.; El-Tayeb, N.S.M. Soutis, C. Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction. The disadvantages of fibre-reinforced concrete include the following: Rain might expose the fibres. There are many types of natural (cellulosic/plant, animal and mineral fibers) and man-made (organic and inorganic fibers) fibers available in the industry. Nowadays, FRP composites are of growing interest in many top industries, and products made using the pultrusion (PT) manufacturing process are not an exemption. Effects of Oxygen Plasma Treatments on Surface Functional Groups and Shear Strength of Carbon Fiber Composites. Ray, B.C. The RTM method produces molded composite components with two high-quality finished surfaces. 2021; 13(21):3721. It is also recommended that for the manufacture of a PEEK-based composite, heated fiber impregnated within the resin and a winding speed of 0.5 m/s must be maintained to obtain the best properties [. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) was commonly used as outer layer, and it may expose to the ultraviolet exposure and prone to UV radiation. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without Medical applications: tissue engineering (blood vessels, bone, oral tissues, skin, etc. ; Ryu, Y.; Kim, S.W. Hybrid Cellulose Nanocrystals-Bonded Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications. Chun, H.; Guo, X.; Kim, J.S. For more information, please refer to Furthermore, the energy correlated with UV exposure is competent in scattering the chains of molecules in the matrix and can begin material degeneration. Therefore, the applications of the IM process are very diversified in the lightweight plastics industries, such as aerospace, packaging, automotive, electronic, medical, defense/military, sport and construction [. ; Sonne, M.R. Dickson, R.F. ; Ancelotti, A.C., Jr. A numerical-experimental evaluation of the fatigue strain limits of CFRP subjected to dynamic compression loads. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Hashin, Z. ; Wong, K.J. After the glass fiber is reinforced, the ductility of all plastics is reduced, and the ductility is improved; 3. The materials are cut to size/shape before being laid into (or onto) the surface of a waxed (the release agent) open mould. The use of these methods ensures sufficient flexibility in optimizing the properties, shape, handling time and production cost of advanced FRP components. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly Aamir, M.; Tolouei-Rad, M.; Giasin, K.; Nosrati, A. The main benefit of VARTM is that it lies in the low injection pressures (approximately 1 atm). The environmental fatigue behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polyether ether ketone. Resin transfer molding (RTM), also called liquid molding, is a well-established FRP composite fabrication process. Available online: Fiberline Composites. Effect of carbon fiber reinforcement on the mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide6/polyphenylene sulfide composites. The thermal conductivity of all polymeric materials is low, which means that FRPs should be good heat insulators. Carbon Fiber Composite Springs and Method of Making Thereof. Studies of Fracture Toughness in Concretes Containing Fly Ash and Silica Fume in the First 28 Days of Curing. The financial discovery of CFs took place later in the 1960s, when the production of PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-based CF enhanced efficiently, and the carbon yield improved by up to 50%. glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) is a composite rebar With its desirable physical properties and major advantages over steel, Its better than steel. Preparation and friction behavior of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites. ; Sohn, J.S. Impact behavior of polyester GFRP for naval applications: Influence of the clamping device and fluidmaterial interaction. ; Davis, D.C. Chang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Friedrich, K. Effect of nanoparticles on the tribological behaviour of short carbon fibre reinforced poly(etherimide) composites. Autoclave curing allows the manufacture of consistent homogeneous composite products. Compression molding (CM) is a FRP manufacturing method in which the preheated (or un-preheated) reinforcement package is initially placed in an open and heated mold cavity. UV radiation will lead to degradation of the GFRP itself and it will reduce the quality and function of GFRP. This closed-mold method can produce high-performance and different types of composites, especially FRP structures, at a low cost. Many factors, such as the variation of the resin flow pressure or the temperature changes, initiate the formation of voids in this process. On the improvement of properties of bioplastic composites derived from wasted cottonseed protein by rational cross-linking and natural fiber reinforcement. For a quality composite, the rovings must be in constant tension during application to ensure a good collimation of the fibers and to reduce the sagging. . In some cases, the lower half-mold is coated with a thin film of resin, and the dry reinforcement is placed on it. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13213721, Rajak DK, Wagh PH, Linul E. Manufacturing Technologies of Carbon/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Properties: A Review. ; Yusoff, H.M. Generally, the capital investment for PT is higher than HLU or open-mold processes. There are different names to describe this process, namely vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI), vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM), vacuum bag resin transfer molding (VBRTM) and vacuum injected molding (VIM). "Manufacturing Technologies of Carbon/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites and Their Properties: A Review" Polymers 13, no. The materials used in the pultrusion process are expected to change with the development of new advanced materials. Cost - Compared to carbon fiber reinforced polymer, glass fiber reinforced polymers can be less expensive in some applications. Process automation would be ideal, especially for large components, where very high accuracy is required. Disadvantages of glass reinforced plastic It has poor rigidity and stiffness Its application is limited to a temperature below 300-degree Celsius Applications of glass reinforced plastic It is used as a manufacturing material in following things. The vacuum-to-autoclave pressure cycles are chosen to allow maximum air removal without incurring excessive resin flow. Vallittu, P.K. Khalili, S.M.R. have led to a large increase in the use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites in various engineering applications. 95108. The HLU method requires the use of low-cost equipment, being used mainly for FRP components with a high surface area to thickness ratio. [. Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites have been developed by different fabrication methods and are extensively used for diverse engineering applications. Evaluation of Vibration Damping of Glass-Reinforced-Polymer-Reinforced Glulam Composite Beams. In this regard, Karakassides et al. Yuvaraja, M.; Senthilkumar, M. Comparative Study on Vibration Characteristics of a Flexible GFRP Composite Beam Using SMA and PZT Actuators. The silicone rubber mold (SRM) technology is widely adopted as a casting model material in various top industries, of which the most important are automobiles and electronics. Accordingly, any defects that are induced during the FRP manufacturing process directly influence the main properties of the FRP composite structure. Disadvantages of glass-reinforced plastic : Glass-reinforced plastic has poor rigidity and stiffness. The high durability of FRPs ensures that these composites have a more stable thermal behavior in terms of thermal conductivity and do not suffer weathering and aging. GFRC is difficult to self-mix. Carbon fibers are fibers of about 510 m in diameter and are more than 90% carbonized. ; Aguirre Flores, R.; Espinoza Muoz, J.F. ), in which tribological properties highlight a significant importance. The SLU process is suitable for the production of large FRP composite components, such as bathroom units (shower and bathtubs parts) and ventilation hoods in small to moderate quantities. This can be a large benefit when completing large projects, such as entire bridge decks or large concrete structures. Marques, A.T. Due to some glass fibers . ; Wahne, S. Wear and friction behaviour of soft particles filled random direction short GFRP composites. ; Joshi, S.J. To lessen the cost, large-tow fibers of 360 K, 480 K and 540 K were adopted. All of the above issues (increasing productivity, lowering tooling costs and reducing labor skills) may be considered in detail for future progressive investigations. Mechanical property evaluation of sisaljuteglass fiber reinforced polyester composites. permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. Quantitative analysis of QSI and LVI damage in GFRP unidirectional composite laminates by a new ultrasonic approach. Processing, Properties, and Performance of Composite Materials. ; Lassila, V.P. 2. Upton, R.L. . In. For example, Zhang et al. Ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under stress. On the other hand, exposure to high operating temperatures can lead to the occurrence of the softening phenomenon and to the degradation of the main properties [, The material responses of FRP composite structures subjected to different environmental effects have been well-reported [, The effects of the exposure of FRP composites to the environment and the long-term retention of properties are significant concerns for various engineering applications, in which the lifespan can last several decades and no or little maintenance is expected. Once the matrix-reinforcement mixture is cooled, different composite tools are used to remove the FRP part from the vented mold. Zhao, J. Aramide, F.O. Valorization of carbon fiber waste from the aeronautics sector: An application in Li-ion batteries. See answer (1) Copy. Presently, aluminum alloys are used as a relatively more innovative form of the lightweight metallic materials, and are frequently used to substitute conventional steel in advanced new-developed vehicles [. Disadvantages of glass fiber reinforced PP granules in PP modified material: 1. Compared to metals, composites can be easily made by relatively low tooling cost. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. On the other hand, plastic materials cannot withstand high tension, but they can very well-tolerate compression loading. Warpage Reduction of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Using Microcellular Foaming Process Applied Injection Molding. Because glass fibre is less stiff, less strong and denser than carbon fibre, glass fibre reinforced parts are typically thicker and heavier than the carbon fibre reinforced parts. The continuous reinforcement material (unidirectional tapes and plies, prepreg fabrics or woven cloths), usually pre-impregnated with the resin, can be placed inside the mold automatically (using robots) or manually. In this regard, an efficient automation of the process would represent a significant increase both in the quality of the FRP products and in their quantity. ; methodology, D.K.R. Karippal, J.J.; Narasimha Murthy, H.N. Therefore, the field of creating a modeling system that requires minimal time and resources is still open. Concr. A Study on Tribological Behavior of Alumina-Filled GlassEpoxy Composites Using Taguchi Experimental Design. Konstantopoulos et al. Based on the function: flame-resistant CFs, load structure using CFs, activated CFs (adsorption activity), CFs used for lubrication, conductive CFs, corrosion-resistant CFs and wear-resistant CFs. Therefore, it is not rigid enough and easy to be deformed in the structural application. CFRPs and GFRPs have high fatigue endurance, high strengthening properties and prevention from ruptures, and these properties will help CFRPs and GFRPs to be the major players in marine structures and waterfronts [, In the United States, CF composites used will likely develop in mass-produced automobiles, contributing lower weight, extra fuel efficiency and more economical emissions; however, more expensive costs will proceed to limit popular use [. Additionally, due to the use of a closed autoclave, part dimensions are limited compared with the VBM process. The use of inert gas pressure facilitates material curing, a low void content and high fiber volume fraction (densification of the material) for maximum FRP structural efficiency. Tribological behaviour of carbon-nanofibre-reinforced poly(ether ether ketone). Wear and friction characteristics of CGRP composite under wet contact condition using two different test techniques. ; Satheeshkumar, S.; Naveen, J. However, to ensure high-quality parts, the resin flow and resin injection have to be carefully controlled so that all the reinforcements are equally wetted-out. In the defense industry, CF is also used in missile defense, ground defense and military marine defense. The glass fibre reinforcement used is a woven or chopped strand mat and may also incorporate an inner coremat forming a sandwich between the layers of glass for added strength. In this case, the role of the resin is to transmit the load between the different fibers. Kar, N.K. This study deals with the analysis of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites manufactured by different types of glasses, Matrix materials prepared using different production technologies. The capital costs of autoclaves are huge, which forces their use to larger composite structures where these costs are justified. Elmar, W.; Michael, S.; Michael, K. Composites Market Report, Market Developments, Trends, Outlook and Challenges. The effects of a water environment on anomalous absorption behavior in graphite/epoxy composites. Quanjin, M.; Rejab, M.; Idris, M.; Bachtiar, B.; Siregar, J.; Harith, M. Design and optimize of 3-axis filament winding machine. In addition, increasing the number of standards in the field of pultruded composites production could be the subject of future research. Therefore, in this review paper, a detailed classification of the existing types of GFs and CFs, highlighting their basic properties, is presented. A review: Additive manufacturing of flexure mechanism for nanopositioning system. Torbjrner, A.; Karlsson, S.; Syverud, M.; Hensten-Pettersen, A. The produced components are mechanically equivalent to large and very large series production, ranging from very small parts weighing a few grams (e.g., electronic components) to very large ones of several kilograms (e.g., car body parts). ; Mutasher, S.A.; Khalid, Y.A. Sargianis, J.; Suhr, J. Fibrous materials reinforced composites production techniques. Patnaik, A.; Satapathy, A.; Biswas, S. Investigations on three-body abrasive wear and mechanical properties of particulate filled glass epoxy composites. The pressure is applied to force the FRP material into contact with mold areas, in order to obtain a desired shape. Roth, S.; Stoll, M.; Weidenmann, K.A. Park, S.; Alammar, A.; Flp, Z.; Pulido, B.; Nunes, S.; Szekely, G. Hydrophobic thin film composite nanofiltration membranes derived solely from sustainable sources. Improvement in mechanical properties of carbon fabricepoxy composite using carbon nanofibers. Fatigue behavior of woven glass fiber reinforced polyester under variable temperature. ; Alguacil, F.J.; Rincn, J.M. Editors Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Matched die molding techniques produce highly consistent, net-shape or near-net shape components with low labor cost, and two or more finished surfaces. ; Elbadry, E.A. Srinivasan, V.; Karthikeyan, R.; Raffi, N.M.; Ganesan, G. Wear Characterisitcs of Nano-Particle Filled GFRP Composites. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Therefore, the surface detail and surface roughness may be good on the mold-side, but poor on the open-side. Fiberglass has health problems concerned with it. Based on different manufacturing methods: carbon fiber (8001600 C), oxidative fibers (peroxidation fiber at 200300 C), graphite fibers (20003000 C), activated CF and vapor-grown CF. Abdurohman, K.; Satrio, T.; Muzayadah, N.L. The Beneficial Effect of the Addition of Fly Ash on Reduction of the Size of Microcracks in the ITZ of Concrete Composites under Dynamic Loading. The effect of surface modification with nitric acid on the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyimide composite. Exposure of FRP to low temperatures may cause a ductile-to-brittle transition, which leads to the initiation of micro-cracks. ; Cercone, L.; Hadjiev, V.G.
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