194, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37, Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, "The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages", "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent", "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase", "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms", "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2010", "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective", "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", "The 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investigation reveals an individual of West African origin buried in a Portuguese Mesolithic shell midden four centuries ago", "Supplementary Materials for The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years", "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, TablesS1-S5", "Materials/Methods, Supplementary Text, Tables, Figures, and/or References", "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina", "Evolutionary history of sickle-cell mutation: implications for global genetic medicine", "Recent Adaptive Acquisition by African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers of the Late Pleistocene Sickle-Cell Mutation Suggests Past Differences in Malaria Exposure", "Sickle -globin haplotypes among patients with sickle cell anemia in Basra, Iraq: A cross-sectional study", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations", "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes", "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny", "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel", "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean", "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages", "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males", "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula", "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa", "Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes", "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa", "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography", "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions", "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", "Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs", "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba", "Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups", "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria", "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations", "A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing", "The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana", "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania", "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity", "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages", "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes", "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_E-M2&oldid=1139298274, M2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37. E-V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the Northeast African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa. So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. Ethiopia/Sudan, and the Levant. CAS Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations. . If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. Excoffier L, Pellegrini A, Langaney A : Genetics and history of sub-Saharan Africa. Science 2003; 300: 597603. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. Scozzari et al24 and Underhill et al25 found UEP (M2 and its analogues such as DYS271G) present at high frequencies specifically in sub-Saharan Africa and suggested this marker as a signature of EBSP. Haplogroup E-M2 - Wikipedia We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). People and Disease. Z830, M310.1's brother clade, is almost exclusively Middle Eastern. All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. Both could have brought different subclades of E-V13, and a founder effect or the phenomenon of elite dominance among the ruling invaders might have caused a fast growth of E-V13 lineage in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Greece. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. . The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 975979. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973), the 36th President of the United States, was identified as a member of haplogroup E1b1b1 through the Johnson/Johnston/Johnstone DNA Surname Project. [16], At Deloraine Farm, in Nakuru County, Kenya, an iron metallurgist of the Iron Age carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1a1a/E-M58 and L5b1. It would be easy to assume that E-M81 colonised Northwest Africa during the Mesolithic or Neolithic period, then spread to southern and western Europe with the southern wave of Neolithic farmers that crossed over from Morocco to Iberia, then spread around western Europe with the Megalithic people. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M et al. Cruciani et al. E1b1b used to be E3b, but always is E-M215 or E-M35. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. However, because each is, in effect, a single linked locus, interpreting observed differences among groups must be undertaken with a high level of caution. Research Department of Genetics, The Centre for Genetic Anthropology, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK, Naser Ansari Pour,Christopher A Plaster&Neil Bradman, You can also search for this author in [33] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. In just a few centuries, that very minor E-V13 lineage had started an expansion process that would turn it into one of Europe's most widespread paternal lineages and reach far beyond the borders of Europe itself, also spreading to the eastern edge of the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, Kurdistan, Iran, and even Siberia. The French footballer of Algerian origin Zinedine Zidane (born 1972), is a member of haplogroup E1b1b (M81) according to his brother's DNA test. It is known from a single carrier in Mali. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. Did E1b1a mutate from E1b1b? And if it did - ProBoards Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 532544. [13][14], Hawass et al. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. "E3a" redirects here. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. Y-DNA Haplogroup E: E1b1b and E1b1a - Your DNA Guide [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. However, since G2a is the only lineage that was consistently found in all Neolithic sites tested to date in Europe, the absence of Neolithic G2a lineages from Scandinavia and the Baltic implies that no Neolithic lineage survives there, and consequently E-V13 does not date from the Neolithic in the region. [2] E-M329 is also frequent in Southwestern Ethiopia, especially among Omotic -speaking populations. E-M2 is primarily distributed within sub-Saharan Africa. Weale ME, Shah T, Jones AL et al. 3500-1150 BCE) was a formative period in the Southern Levant, a region that includes present-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, and southwest Syria. The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. Here, to test the hypothesis that . Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P et al. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Ironically this haplogroup thought to be at the origin of Afro-Asiatic languages, which includes the Semitic languages and peoples that Hitler despised so much. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. PDF The genetic history of the Israelite nation Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA et al. Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba the Black Jews of Southern Africa. They further observe that the lack of genetic data makes it premature to reach sweeping conclusions concerning the EBSP. [30] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker. The probability of observing a particular haplotype, if present, in a randomly collected set was assessed by the equation (1q)n=(1P), where P is the probability of observing the haplotype, q is the minimum frequency of the haplotype to be observed and n is the number of chromosomes. Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Eupedia M81 is especially common in western Iberia, notably Extremadura (15.5%), Andalusia (13.5%), southern Portugal (11%), the Canary Islands (11%), north-west Castille (10%) and Galicia (10%). The pooled frequencies of E1b1a component haplogroups, based on their geographic locations, are also shown in Figure 2. Richard Henry Proves That the Paternal Haplogroup E1B1A Is the Real like the Levant or the southern Arabian Peninsula could have served as an incubator for the early diversification of non-African uniparental haplogroup varieties like Y chromosome DE-YAP*, CF-P143* and mtDNA M and N . It is not clear at present whether they expanded beyond the Near East during the Neolithic period, but they might have been part of the Neolithic expansion to North Africa and Iberia alongside haplogroups T1a and/or R1b-V88. E1b1a in the Levant? - YouTube (2002) states: "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). As a consequence it is consistent with a late, rapid expansion from south of the Grassfields of Cameroon that did not include expansion along the earlier western route. He is Johnstone Family Professor in the Department of Psychology at Harvard University, and is known for his advocacy of evolutionary psychology and the computational theory of mind. Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB : Origins of old testament priests. [12], E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. [20], At Cabeo da Amoreira, in Portugal, an enslaved West African man, who may have been from the Senegambian coastal region of Gambia, Mauritania, or Senegal, and carried haplogroups E1b1a and L3b1a, was buried among shell middens between the 16th century CE and the 18th century CE. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. More recently, based on over 1300 autosomal markers, Tishkoff et al13 showed that Bantu-speaking groups exhibit a considerable level of genetic similarity, a finding which is in good agreement with earlier studies mentioned above. [30] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[12]. These data are consistent with multiple expansion events southwards from West Africa. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. [15] Gad et al. [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. Our analysis of NRY from groups over a wide geographic area is consistent with both these conclusions. John's father, Matthias Corvinus (1443-1490) was King of Hungary and Croatia, and disputed King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. [29] West Africans, bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated into the northern region of Iraq (69.5%), Jordan (80%), Lebanon (73%), Oman (52.1%), and Egypt (80.8%). In Anatolia, E-V13 is found mostly in the western third of the country, the region that used to belong to ancient Greece. Haplogroup E1b1a7 or E1b1a8* is modal in all groups with the exception of Bankim (Cameroon) and Fante (Ghana). In . E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. The genetic data are thus in broad agreement with analysis based on linguistic studies, which suggests that the spread of Bantu languages is the consequence of successive dispersals and that a single large-scale migration by Bantu speakers is unlikely.3 It is also consistent with suggestions that differences between eastern and western Bantu languages are a consequence of expansion patterns.3 This interpretation suggests the absence of substantial male-mediated gene flow from East-Central Africa to West-Central Africa during the past millennium, because had it occurred, it would be expected that examples of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a would have been observed in the Congolese groups included in this study. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. This data suggests that the fate of E-V13 was linked to the elite dominance of Bronze Age society. These 2 haplogroups cover ancient Israelites 31-07-17, 19:20 #11. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. Iranic tribes, La Tne Celts, Romans, Goths, Slavs). [13] [14] See also : Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8* at 37.8%). Haplogroup E-V68 - Wikipedia Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Correspondence to Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes. It is likely to have expanded south as the demographic events comprising the EBSP took place. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. Personally, I can't remember any study who detected E1b1a in that region during the BA or among the Natufians. E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. Therefore both hypotheses are plausible. By the definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. [25] Banza was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS668 and L3e3b1. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.176. His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. e1b1a is Bantu? Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 30: 151194. 2002 ). Category: Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b In this scenario, M81 could have been the lineage of Carthaginian kings, or of a particularly prolific aristocratic familiy during the Carthaginian Republic. Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N et al. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. . It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region. Hum Mutat 2005; 26: 520528. [12][d], E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71: 10821111. Considering the Y haplogroup composition in our Dominican sample, we can note that the clades frequently observed in the Sahel are usually rare or absent. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Ann Hum Genet 2002; 66: 369378. CAS The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). Ramesses III's DNA is E1b1b | Gnostic Warrior By Moe Bedard BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. Only two other haplogroups exceeded 5% of the total: BT* (xDE,KT) (7.5%) and E* (xE1b1a) (5.1%). 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. The expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP) during the past 30005000 years is an event of great importance in the history of humanity. Anthropology, archaeology, linguistics and, in recent decades, genetics have been used to elucidate some of the events and processes involved. E1b1a (M58) Expansion between the Great Lakes & Midwest Africa volume21,pages 423429 (2013)Cite this article. Where collections from a particular group were made in more than one location, locations are represented by averages of geographic coordinates. E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 114: 3143. Alves I, Coelho M, Gignoux C, Damasceno A, Prista A, Rocha J : Genetic homogeneity across Bantu-speaking groups from Mozambique and Angola challenges early split scenarios between East and West Bantu populations. Nowadays, the highest genetic diversity of haplogroup E1b1b is observed in Northeast Africa, especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, which also have the monopoly of older and rarer branches like M281, V6 or V92. Whether origins of M81 lie in the Carthaginian or Roman elite, its parent clades M310.1 and Z827 would have originated in the Levant, and not in Northwest Africa. Whilst E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86. Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA) - Wikipedia around the Czech Republic). Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Bosch E et al. Bellwood P : Early agriculturalist population diasporas? The genetic legacy of western Bantu migrations. Gusmao L, Sanchez-Diz P, Calafell F et al. This theory has it that E1b1b people were associated with the development of Neolithic lifestyle and the advent of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and its earliest diffusion to Southeast Europe (Thessalian Neolithic) and Mediterranean Europe (Cardium Pottery culture). The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern [25], Amid the Green Sahara, the mutation for sickle cell originated in the Sahara[26] or in the northwest forest region of western Central Africa (e.g., Cameroon)[26][27] by at least 7,300 years ago,[26][27] though possibly as early as 22,000 years ago.