First Officer write down the taxi clearance and holding instructions. A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. Reports a Swing the prop with the flat of your hand and move back from the prop arc. No doubt these problems could be minimized if crews Hazards Associated With Flying at Night Presented by Name Transport Canada, System Safety. Moreover, try to maintain the centerline by only using rudder/steering control and not with the use of differential brakes. Taxiing - AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association An idling airplane can produce a compact version of a Category 3 hurricane, introducing an engine wake approaching 120 mi/h (104 kn or 192 km/h) with temperatures of 100F (38C). Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have a solid footing. At busy locations, however, pilots may be instructed by the ground controller to "contact clearance delivery" on a frequency designated for this purpose, No surveillance or control over the movement of traffic is exercised by this position of operation, Taxiing checklists are sometimes specified by the AFM/POH, and the pilot must accomplish any items that are required, If there are no specific checklist items, taxiing still provides an opportunity to verify the operation and cross-check of the flight instruments, Additionally, the heading indicator should not precess more than 3 in 15 minutes, These checks can be accomplished on conventional mechanical instrumented aircraft or glass cockpits, Do not perform any items while taxiing that prevent you from safely operating the aircraft, Complete all checklists required before taxi, Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display where the winds are coming from, Contact Clearance Delivery, as appropriate. Contamination as small as 80-grit sandpaper can cause a 25% loss of wing lift. Safety, Ground Operations, and Servicing Flashcards | Quizlet All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. On occasion, however, minimum separation, particularly aircraft/vehicle separation is compromised. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? 0000050056 00000 n Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give 0000051048 00000 n et@ dfcd1@ Ground will respond with your instructions: ATC will first specify the runway, issue taxi instructions, and then state any required hold short instructions, ATC is required to issue "hold shorts" or "cleared to cross" on any runway active or not in between you and your destination, Note that closed runways still required a cleared to cross call. 0000247519 00000 n Page updated: September 27, 2016. While most occurrences on airport aprons and taxiways do not have consequences in terms of loss of life, they are often associated with aircraft damage, delays to passengers and avoidable financial costs. Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals. What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. 0000152491 00000 n 0000153136 00000 n If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals? When towing an aircraft, should you use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes to stop the aircraft? An increased chance of engine damage due to detonation, loss of engine power, and an increased probability of overheating. Aviation security - Transport Canada 0000002743 00000 n to dented wing tips and excursions through the grass, either. Nevertheless, because of their high viscosity, Type II, III, & IV fluids may continue to adhere to some parts of the aircraft during rotation and take-off. be delivered at the gate instead of during taxi-out? 0000041909 00000 n Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. 0000040930 00000 n No aircraft should attempt to take off with frost, snow, or ice adhering to wings, propellers, control surfaces, engine inlets, or other critical surfaces. Type I fluids have a high glycol content and a low viscosity; however, they are always applied diluted and heated. And as Jet inlets while engines are operating. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. A taxi-in runway incursion is one where an aircraft which has just landed and which subsequently enters any active runway en route to parking, whether contrary to or in accordance with ATC clearance. in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. B735, Newark NJ USA, 2006. 0000050637 00000 n Engine Thrust Hazards in the Airport Environment - Boeing basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty trailer The FAA is urging pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances. In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. Express the position vector r in Cartesian vector form; then determine its magnitude and coordinate direction angles. Deicing for Safe Taxiing. can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: Any pilot knows the danger of a midair FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. You're a solo pilot getting ready to take off from a busy airport. When taxi instructions are received from the controller, pilots should always read back: Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway or line up and wait, Controllers are required to request a read-back of runway hold short assignment when it is not received from the pilot/vehicle, The control tower also issues bulletins describing areas where they cannot provide service due to non-visibility or other reasons, This is usually done through ATIS/AWOS remarks, Begin taxi, monitoring ground frequency until into the run-up area, Exit the runway without delay, at the first available taxiway, or as instructed, All parts of the aircraft must be across the hold short line to be considered off the runway, When issuing taxi instructions to any point other than an assigned takeoff runway, ATC will specify the point to taxi to, issue taxi instructions, and state any hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the taxi route will cross a runway, ATC is required to obtain a read-back from the pilot of all runway hold short instructions, An essential requirement in conducting safe taxi operations is where the pilot maintains situational awareness, Depending on the airport, parking, ramp, and taxiways may or may not be controlled, The pilot should make themselves familiar with the parking, ramp, and taxi environment, Especially at unfamiliar airports, review, and have available the, If routing is expected to be complex, consider listening to ground control, if able, on, The pilot must be vigilant of the entire area around the airplane to ensure that the airplane clears all obstructions, If, at any time, there is doubt about a safe clearance from an object, the pilot should stop the airplane and check the clearance, It may be necessary to have the airplane towed or physically moved by a ground crew, When taxiing, the pilot's eyes should be looking outside the airplane scanning from side to side while looking both near and far to assess routing and potential conflicts, especially at intersections, It is helpful to use internal callouts to accomplish this task: ", The primary requirements for safe taxiing are positive control, the ability to recognize any potential hazards in time to avoid them, and the ability to stop or turn where and when desired, without undue reliance on the brakes, The pilot should accurately place the aircraft centered on the taxiway at all times, Some taxiways have above ground taxi lights and signage that could impact the airplane or propellers if the pilot does not exercise accurate control, When taxiing, the pilot must slow down before attempting a turn, Sharp high-speed turns place undesirable side loads on the landing gear and may result in tire damage or an uncontrollable swerve or a ground loop, Swerves are most likely to occur when turning from a downwind heading toward an upwind heading, In moderate to high-wind conditions, the airplane may weathervane increasing the swerving tendency, Good operating practice dictates that pilots acknowledge all runway crossing, hold short, or takeoff clearances unless there is some misunderstanding, at which time the pilot should query the controller until the clearance is understood, NOTE: Air traffic controllers are required to obtain from the pilot a read-back of all runway hold short instructions, Also, without clearance to cross a runway, you should never cross a red sign-think of it as a stop sign, Pilots operating a single pilot aircraft should monitor only assigned ATC communications after being cleared onto the active runway for departure. The number one violation we see at our airport is aircraft taxiing too fast. 0000249260 00000 n Next, whenever a "hold short" ASRS reports also indicate that problems Speaker's Notes. that 1977 accident. Privacy Policy and Important Notices And is it really necessary to require Because runway surfaces | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Beechcraft One Three One Five Niner, cleared to the Chicago Midway Airport via Victor Eight, maintain eight thousand, Washington ground, Beechcraft One Three One Five Niner at hangar eight, ready to taxi, I-F-R to Chicago, with information Alpha, Beechcraft one three one five niner, Washington ground, runway two seven, taxi via taxiways Charlie and Delta, hold short of runway three three left, Beechcraft One Three One Five Niner, runway two seven, hold short of runway three three left, to lean enough to keep the engine running, but also enough that an advance to full throttle will cause an engine to quit, Runway Incursion Mitigation (RIM) Program, Air Safety Institute - ASI Safety Tip: Marshalling Signals, AOPA - Runway Safety Course [Membership Required], AOPA - Taxiing - For most, this new skill is easily mastered, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Advisory Circular (120-57) Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (SMGCS or "SMIGS"), Aeronautical Information Manual (4-3-14) Communication, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-3-18) Taxiing, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-3-19) Taxi During Low Visibility, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-3-20) Exiting the Runway After Landing, Aeronautical Information Manual (4-3-25) Hand Signals, NAVAIR (00-80T-113) Aircraft Signals NATOPS Manual, Federal Aviation Regulations (91.125) ATC Light Signals, Federal Aviation Regulations (91.209) Aircraft lights, Having just started the aircraft and completed the required checklists, the pilot is ready to put the aircraft in motion, Taxiing is that movement of an aircraft while on the ground, under its own power, Taxiing is accomplished primarily through the use of the. Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. When a piston comes up on its compression stroke, the incompressible liquid seizes it. When applied hot, these fluids exhibit good deicing properties but provide very limited protection against refreezing in precipitation. pilots to call station operations to report "on the ground" after The word "OIL" and the permissible grades and/or types or a reference to the appropriate Airplane Flight Manual for permissible grades and/or types. failing to obtain a clearance before entering an area subject to control. In order to maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free. Hazard Identification. decrease the threat of runway transgressions? the passenger count. No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. Learning to move the aircraft around on the ground can be just as difficult as learning steep turns. Continued use may reduce efficiency due to lead deposits on the turbine blades. Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. Having correct crosswind input on your control surfaces will also help you maintain the centerline. aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy - coachinganimators.com All rights reserved. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. 0000248773 00000 n 0000061284 00000 n Copyright 2023 Flying Media. Within . hazards associated with beginning taxi without obtaining the "all clear" Be sure the propeller or inlet area is clear and check for loose stones, gravel, etc. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. 0000248258 00000 n hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. Light signals may be used when taxiing an airplane without a radio or when a radio becomes inoperative on a tower controlled airport. hS]HSq?cs:gY0C_cv?#$2#!9k!bAKX(I}F_TufD{{~= H x4E^b17 9M}q)Rs6Rau`{kUbH \# lDa2:z'{isIr^;cu"5>Ze[=(Hn(j K.t]OK 0000000016 00000 n If misjudged, this could result in a wingtip striking the tail of the stopped aircraft or it could compromise clearance between obstacles or other aircraft and the wingtip opposite the stopped aircraft, taxiway configuration - converging taxiways can potentially lead to reduced or compromised clearance, especially where they cross. Several help combat these traps. Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. 0000026526 00000 n Hydraulic lock in radial engines. distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the pilot must then challenge him/her to be sure that the clearance was understood.
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