2001;345(22):1583-1592. Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). Reports since 1991 indicate that the Pauling Therapy works as a cure by itself, but in theory, Pauling's protocol makes an ideal oral adjunct to EDTA Chelation therapy and other more conventional therapies for all forms of cardiovascular disease, except intra . Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. Nutrients. Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. 177. After a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with incident cases of heart failure. Sauberlich HE. Although a primary source of dietary vitamin C, consumption of fruit and vegetablesassessed by food frequency questionnairewas not found to be associated with a lower risk of congestive heart failure (49). In some patients, vitamin C dosages may rise as high as 18 grams per day (Linus Pauling's daily dosage), and at high levels, the mineral dosages could cause problems/imbalances. While plasma vitamin C concentration reflects recent dietary intake, leukocyte (white blood cell) vitamin C is thought to be an indicator of body stores. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Although free metal ions are not generally found under physiological conditions, the idea that high doses of vitamin C might be able to promote oxidative damage in vivo has received a great deal of attention. Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. There is a need for better quality studies to examine the effect of vitamin C on cardiovascular endpoints in participants with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. (PubMed), 116. Oregon State University, Copyright 2000-2023 Linus Pauling Institute. 1. 1951;113:628-631. The Dark Side of Linus Pauling's Legacy | Quackwatch (PubMed), 182. 2007;6:41. A vitamin C intake of at least 400 mg daily may be particularly important for older adults who are at higher risk for age-related chronic diseases. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. Dr. Ward Dean, MD answered 5 years ago. See also the section on Cancer in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. Goodman M, Bostick RM, Kucuk O, Jones DP. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Few studies have measured vitamin C concentration in the CSF, which more closely reflects the vitamin C status of the brain. (PubMed), 90. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc.; 1997:1-24. 2018 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. BMC Ophthalmol. Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D. J Am Soc Nephrol. Scurvy is rare in developed countries because it can be prevented by as little as 10 mg of vitamin C daily (32). Ohno S, Ohno Y, Suzuki N, Soma G, Inoue M. High-dose vitamin C (ascorbic acid) therapy in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. (PubMed), 176. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Pauling Therapy: Short Version (PubMed), 18. Free Radic Biol Med. Only one large trial in more than 14,000 older men participating in the Physicians Health Study II (PHS II) reported on cardiovascular outcomes. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. J Alzheimers Dis. JAMA. It contains the highest quality vitamin C that I have been able to find. 2015;10(12):e0144920. PDF The Cure for Heart Disease: Condensed - Cardiacos.net Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). A pilot clinical study of continuous intravenous ascorbate in terminal cancer patients. 2016;73(8):1645-1658. (PubMed), 155. Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. (PubMed), 7 Panush RS, Delafuente JC, Katz P, Johnson J. Modulation of certain immunologic responses by vitamin C. III. (PubMed), 39. The effect of vitamin C supplementation, in combination with other antioxidants, on CSF biomarkers and cognitive function has been examined in only a few trials involving AD patients. Is vitamin C supplementation beneficial? Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Pauling L. The immune system. (PubMed), 113. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. (PubMed), 63. Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. 2010;341:c4229. Carr AC, Vissers MC, Cook JS. Two large prospective studies found dietary vitamin C intake to be inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in certain subgroups. One supplement, Ester-C, contains mainly calcium ascorbate and includes small amounts of the vitamin C metabolites, dehydroascorbic acid (oxidized ascorbic acid), calcium threonate, and trace amounts of xylonate and lyxonate. Cholesterol and the Linus Pauling Therapy - healingwell.com Am J Epidemiol. (PubMed), 171. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. (PubMed), 37. 2005;4:5. Another meta-analysis of 40 randomized controlled trials in 276,820 women found no effect of vitamin C, alone or combined with vitamin E or multivitamins, when supplemented during pregnancy (starting prior to 20 weeks gestation), on the risks of overall fetal loss, miscarriage, stillbirth, and congenital malformation(89). A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). Int J Cancer. Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, Wolk A, Akesson A. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. Pauling's therapeutic dosage of vitamin C for those diagnosed with cardiovascular disease is from 6,000 mg up to 18,000 mg (or bowel tolerance). 25. In response to increasing oral doses of vitamin C, plasma vitamin C concentration rises steeply at intakes between 30 and 100 mg/day. Research Associate Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine Amelioration of persistent left ventricular function impairment through increased plasma ascorbate levels following myocardial infarction. Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Although liposomal encapsulation could increase vitamin C bioavailability, plasma vitamin C concentrations were much lower than those achieved with intravenous vitamin C administration (190). (PubMed), 132. Br J Nutr. 2015(9):Cd004072. For a more detailed discussion on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see the article,The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. Severe vitamin C deficiency has been known for many centuries as the potentially fatal disease, scurvy. Vitamin C infusion (sodium ascorbate: 3.20 mmol/min for 1 hour then 0.96 mmol/min for 2 hours) prior to reperfusion followed by oral supplementation with vitamin C (1 g/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) for 84 days effectively prevented a reduction in antioxidant capacity at reperfusion and for the next six to eight hours. Molecular Biology of the Cell. (PubMed), 76. It should also be noted that the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation is strictly directed towards prevention of disease in healthy individuals, not treatment of disease. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. The work of Linus Pauling stimulated public interest in the use of doses greater than 1 g/day of vitamin C to prevent the common cold (177). 2005;17(3):341-345. 2017;3:Cd011114. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). However, no difference in the infarct size between antioxidant vitamin treatment and placebo was seen (138). No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. Hemila H, Suonsyrja T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (PubMed), 206. In this context, it is important to note that data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have indicated that vitamin C levels in plasma and circulating cells become fully saturated at intakes of about 400 mg/day in young, healthy nonsmokers. Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y. I use it myself. Biofactors. (PubMed). Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. Comparison of mortality associated with sepsis in the burn, trauma, and general intensive care unit patient: a systematic review of the literature. Lysine also prevents collagen-digesting enzymes from destroying collagen. Periprocedural myocardial injury that occurs in up to one-third of patients undergoing otherwise uncomplicated angioplasty increases the risk of morbidity and mortality at follow-up. (PubMed), 74. 2003;410(1):112-120. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. Curr Opin Rheumatol. The general idea is that cholesterol is a natural mechanism of repair in the blood. (PubMed), 142. Short-term supplementation with vitamin C was found to reduce endothelial dysfunction in subjects with heart failure, atherosclerosis, or diabetes mellitus, but it had no effect in those with hypertension. Higher SVCT-2 levels were associated with enhanced sensitivity to vitamin C in nine different breast cancer cell lines. (PubMed), 51. Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. 2000;70(5):226-237. Arthritis Res Ther. Am J Clin Nutr. Front Physiol. Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). Alzheimer's Association. Bergsten P, Amitai G, Kehrl J, Dhariwal KR, Klein HG, Levine M. Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. 2012;37(1):4-16. While acute scurvy can be prevented by a mere 10 mg vitamin C per day, there is no current research showing how much vitamin C might be required to prevent the atherosclerotic plaques of chronic scurvy. (PubMed), 57. In the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health study that included 232,007 participants, the use of vitamin C supplements for at least seven times a week was associated with a 9% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to non-supplement use (83). However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). Wei L, Liang G, Cai C, Lv J. A recent randomized controlled trial assessed the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on reperfusion damage in patients who experienced acute myocardial infarction and underwent coronary angioplasty (see below) (132). Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. One hundred percent absorption efficiency is observed when ingesting vitamin C at doses up to 200 mg at a time. (PubMed), 77. 2012;7(1):e29794. Several cross-sectional studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin C status and blood lead concentration. 2012;38(2):114-122. (PubMed), 56. 22. (PubMed), 191. (PubMed), 152. (PubMed), 129. Chest. Choi HK, Curhan G. Gout: epidemiology and lifestyle choices. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. He received these awards for chemistry in 1954 and for peace in 1962. . Because vitamin C can inactivate urease (an enzyme that facilitates H. pylori survival and colonization of the gastric mucosa at low pH) in vitro, vitamin C may be most effective as a prophylactic agent in those without achlorhydria(77, 78). 16. 2007;104(21):8749-8754. And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. In particular, a specific allele of the haptoglobin gene (Hp), namely Hp2, appears to be associated with an increased risk of diabetic vascular complications. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. (PubMed). 2008;168(14):1493-1499. While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. Efficacy and safety of vitamin C for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Specifically, plasma vitamin C ranged from approximately 23 to 70 mol/L in men and 33 to 82 mol/L in women; across this range, every 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with a 9% reduction in risk of heart failure. Carr AC, Vissers MC. (PubMed), 124. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). Four phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer found that intravenous administration of vitamin C at doses up to 1.5 g/kg of body weight (equivalent to about 100 g/day for an average weight [70 kg] person) and 70 to 80 g/m2 was well tolerated and safe in pre-screened patients (167-170). 2013(1):Cd000980. The Doctor Game: Vitamin C, lysine can help curb heart attacks The amount of vitamin C required to help prevent chronic disease is higher than the amount required for prevention of scurvy. Front Oncol. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Pauling LC. Linus Pauling Institute Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). (PubMed), 192. (PubMed), 96. (PubMed), 73 Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, et al. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. We have long recommended vitamin K be added to Pauling's basic vitamin C and lysine protocol for this reason. Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. J Res Pharm Pract. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is a potent reducing agent, meaning that it readily donates electrons to recipient molecules ( Figure 1 ). Linus Pauling Recommendations 1. (PubMed), 101. Linus Pauling Heart Disease Prevention with Vitamin C Arthritis Rheum. Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. 2001;91(4):563-567. Overall, evidence suggesting specific drugs can lower blood vitamin C concentrations in humans is limited. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center Compared to orally administered vitamin C, intravenous vitamin C can result in 30 to 70-fold higher plasma vitamin C concentrations (25). Vitamin C/Professional handout/Interactions with drugs. (PubMed), 44. Pauling Recommendation | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University J Natl Cancer Inst. (PubMed), 193. 1994;35(3):317-322. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014:416-426. Lp(a) is a "sticky bandage" within coronary arteries that may induce blood clots when vitamin C/lysine blood levels are low (9). Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. (PubMed), 82. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200). Vitamin C. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, eds. 2014;235(1):9-20. Ascorbic acid and rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KE.
Where Can I Get Ashes For Ash Wednesday,
Is Arguing A Sign Of Attraction,
Oga's Cantina Walk Up List,
Articles L