We'll put new liquor in there, we'll put a new mirror up, we'll get a new jukebox." Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:But there were little, tiny pin holes in the plywood windows, I'll call them the windows but they were plywood, and we could look out from there and every time I went over and looked out through one of those pin holes where he did, we were shocked at how big the crowd had become. That's it. Stonewall 25: Cases 1-2 - Columbia University Narrator (Archival):This is a nation of laws. The Laramie Project Cast at The Calhoun School So I attempted suicide by cutting my wrists. One report cites three people Raymond Castro, Marilyn Fowler and Vincent DePaul as having acted together to shove and kick the officer. Ms. Fowler and Mr. DePaul had not been previously I grew up in a very Catholic household and the conflict of issues of redemption, of is it possible that if you are this thing called homosexual, is it possible to be redeemed? And it just seemed like, fantastic because the background was this industrial, becoming an industrial ruin, it was a masculine setting, it was a whole world. and someone would say, "Well, they're still fighting the police, let's go," and they went in. The crime syndicate saw profit in catering to shunned gay clientele, and by the mid-1960s, the Genovese crime family controlled most Greenwich Village gay bars. David Carter, Author ofStonewall:There was also vigilantism, people were using walkie-talkies to coordinate attacks on gay men. Yvonne Ritter:I did try to get out of the bar and I thought that there might be a way out through one of the bathrooms. So if any one of you, have let yourself become involved with an adult homosexual, or with another boy, and you're doing this on a regular basis, you better stop quick. Though no longer on City Room, New York Today continues to appear every weekday morning, offering a roundup of news and events for the city. WebThe Stonewall Inn is a gay bar in New York City. In 1969, a series of riots over police action against The Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York City's Greenwich Village, changed the landscape of homosexual society quite literally overnight. Fred Sargeant:Someone at this point had apparently gone down to the cigar stand on the corner and got lighter fluid. WebLast Friday the privacy of the Stonewall was invaded by police from the First Division. I mean, I came out in Central Park and other places. But we're going to pay dearly for this. It was a leaflet that attacked the relationship of the police and the Mafia and the bars that we needed to see ended. But, that's when we knew, we were ourselves for the first time. And it's that hairpin trigger thing that makes the riot happen. A lot of them had been thrown out of their families. Ed Koch, mayorof New York City from1978 to 1989, discussesgay civil rights in New York in the 1960s. John O'Brien:We had no idea we were gonna finish the march. And it was fantastic. (c) 2011 Stonewall Rebellion - HIS 100 - Perspectives in History - Research Naturally, you get careless, you fall for it, and the next thing you know, you have silver bracelets on both arms. Seven pages of records were released by the citys Police Department in response to a Freedom of Information Law request. And I said to myself, "Oh my God, this will not last.". Danny Garvin:And the cops just charged them. Mafia house beer? Danny Garvin:People were screaming "pig," "copper." When police raided Stonewall Inn on the morning of June 28, it came as a surprisethe bar wasnt tipped off this time. Leaflets in the 60s were like the internet, today. I mean you got a major incident going on down there and I didn't see any TV cameras at all. And you will be caught, don't think you won't be caught, because this is one thing you cannot get away with. I never believed in that. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:They were sexual deviates. All of the rules that I had grown up with, and that I had hated in my guts, other people were fighting against, and saying "No, it doesn't have to be this way.". Dick Leitsch:So it was mostly goofing really, basically goofing on them. Dick Leitsch:There were Black Panthers and there were anti-war people. And, it was, I knew I would go through hell, I would go through fire for that experience. Cloth, $99.00. When police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in the Greenwich Village section of New York City on June 28, 1969, the street erupted into violent protests that lasted for the next six days. Primary Sources for Pride: Celebrating Stonewall & Christopher They frequent their own clubs, and bars and coffee houses, where they can escape the disapproving eye of the society that they call straight. on, causing damage to the roof, hood and rear engine cover. Yvonne Ritter:"In drag," quote unquote, the downside was that you could get arrested, you could definitely get arrested if someone clocked you or someone spooked that you were not really what you appeared to be on the outside. Were committed to providing educators accessible, high-quality teaching tools. ISBN: 0143133519 Stonewall : the riots that sparked the gay revolution by David Carter Call Number: Boca Raton General Collection HQ76 .C315 2004 ISBN: Raids were still a fact of life, but usually corrupt cops would tip off Mafia-run bars before they occurred, allowing owners to stash the alcohol (sold without a liquor license) and hide other illegal activities. I was back living in my hometown of Bangor, Maine when I heard the news on the local radio station of the riot at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village. And the harder she fought, the more the cops were beating her up and the madder the crowd got. A 1969 Account of the Stonewall Uprising - The Atlantic Forty-five years later, over six million people annually participate in 115 Pride parades across the United States. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/stonewall Stonewall soon became a symbol of resistance to social and political discrimination that would inspire solidarity among homosexual groups for decades. David Huggins I hope it was. Kate Davis and David Holbreiner, author David Carter, and a participant in the riots will be present for a Q&A afterward. One poignant example is the murder of Frederick Wiliam Paez on the 11th anniversary of Stonewall (June 28 1980) who was shot by a police officer who had solicited him. Philly took me to NYC for the 1st time and we went to a bar called The Sewer. Stonewall But I had only stuck my head in once at the Stonewall. an unknown object. Mr. Van Ronk eventually pleaded guilty to harassment, a violation. And then there were all these priests ranting in church about certain places not to go, so you kind of knew where you could go by what you were told not to do. Stonewall Riot NYPD Reports and Transcriptions. But I gave it up about, oh I forget, some years ago, over four years ago. Dr. Socarides (Archival):I think the whole idea of saying "the happy homosexual" is to, uh, to create a mythology about the nature of homosexuality. And that's what it was, it was a war. Marc Stein: My book reprinted 200 primary documentary sources from 1965 to 1973 and provided an introduction to the multiple ways that these sources can be interpreted. Producers All rights reserved. Most importantly, this anthology shines a light on forgotten figures who were pivotal in the movement, such as Lee Brewster, head of the Queens Liberation Front and Ernestine Eckstine, one of the few out, African American, lesbian activists in the 1960s. Raymond Castro:So finally when they started taking me out, arm in arm up to the paddy wagon, I jumped up and I put one foot on one side, one foot on the other and I sprung back, knocking the two arresting officers, knocking them to the ground. The Stonewall had reopened. WebFinal Question What caused the Stonewall Riots? Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:There were all these articles in likeLife Magazineabout how the Village was liberal and people that were called homosexuals went there. Eric Marcus, Recreation Still Photography informativespeechoutline.docx - In the Civil Rights In the sexual area, in psychology, psychiatry. We'd say, "Here comes Lillian.". We went, "Oh my God. Dick Leitsch:And the blocks were small enough that we could run around the block and come in behind them before they got to the next corner. Research assistance provided by Mario Burrus, Adam Joseph Nichols and Cole Souder. Over a short period of time, he will be unable to get sexually aroused to the pictures, and hopefully, he will be unable to get sexually aroused inside, in other settings as well. Corrections? By 1969, the Stonewall Inn (now a national monument) was one of the most popular gay bars in New York City.Throughout the state, homosexuality was considered a criminal offense, and it would take over a decade of organizing before "same-sex relationships" were legalized in 1980 (New York v. Onofre). And as awful as people might think that sounds, it's the way history has always worked. Jerry Hoose:The police would come by two or three times a night. The organization with the largest donation to Christopher Street Liberation Day 1970 was the Queens Liberation Front, donating $50 (CSLDC Bulletin and Reports External, Cash Receipts Journal). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. MacDonald & Associates Do you want them to lose all chance of a normal, happy, married life? They were getting more ferocious. and not published at the time, have resurfaced only in recent years.). WebView informativespeechoutline.docx from COMM MISC at Texas State University. Richard Enman (Archival):Well, let me say, first of all, what type of laws we are not after, because there has been much to-do that the Society was in favor of the legalization of marriage between homosexuals, and the adoption of children, and such as that, and that is not at all factual at all. They began to jeer at and jostle the police and then threw bottles and debris. The reference to these events as riots was initially used by police to justify their use of force. Chris Mara, Production Assistants Although the Stonewall riots cannot be said to have initiated the gay rights movement as such, it did serve as a catalyst for a new generation of political activism. Research assistance provided by Mario Burrus, Adam Joseph Nichols, and Cole Souder. Trevor, Post Production Jerry Hoose The lights came on, it's like stop dancing. And it's interesting to note how many youngsters we've been seeing in these films. Whats more, the Mafia reportedly blackmailed the clubs wealthier patrons who wanted to keep their sexuality a secret. I would get in the back of the car and they would say, "We're going to go see faggots." Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Grey Villet/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots. Lynn and Louis Wolfson II Florida Moving Image Archives The New York State Liquor Authority refused to issue liquor licenses to many gay bars, and several popular establishments had licenses suspended or revoked for "indecent conduct.". Once it started, once that genie was out of the bottle, it was never going to go back in. The five days of rioting that ensued changed forever the face of gay and lesbian life. We had no speakers planned for the rally in Central Park, where we had hoped to get to. Her car, parked across the street from the Stonewall Inn, at 53 Christopher Street in Greenwich Village, had been stomped The idea was to be there first. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:Ed Koch who was a democratic party leader in the Greenwich Village area, was a specific leader of the local forces seeking to clean up the streets. Raymond Castro:If that light goes on, you know to stop whatever you're doing, and separate. Stream thousands of hours of acclaimed series, probing documentaries and captivating specials commercial-free in HISTORY Vault. A police officer, Charles Holmes, was treated at St. Vincents Hospital after being bitten on the right wrist by a rioter. Edmund White (Foreword by); New York Public Library (Editor), Phyllis Lyon/Del Martin And The Daughters Of Bilitis, Arrest Reports from the 1969 Stonewall Uprising, Stonewall and It's Impact on the Gay Liberation Movement, Stonewall 50: Library of Congress Panel Discussion on LGBTQ+ Research, Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee Bulletin and Reports, Black Cat Raid, Los Angeles, California, 1967. Website support provided by Margaret Paz. And we had no right to such. What do you do in Documenting the Stonewall Riots that you didnt do in your book? Cause I was from the streets. . and I didn't see anything but a forest of hands. I actually thought, as all of them did, that we were going to be killed. One document provides additional detail about the previously known arrest of David Van Ronk, a heterosexual folk singer (who was incorrectly described as an actor) who was accused of assaulting an officer with Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:There were no instructions except: put them out of business. John O'Brien:Whenever you see the cops, you would run away from them. Every arrest and prosecution is a step in the education of the public to the solution of the problem. Updates? Library of Congress - The Stonewall Uprising of 1969, Columbia University - The Stonewall Riots, Stonewall riots - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). David Alpert Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:Saturday night there it was. Stonewall Riots Scott Kardel, Project Administration The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of WebIn the early hours of Saturday, June 28, 1969, a riot broke out during a police raid of the Stonewall Inn, an LGBT bar. Their anger was apparent and vocal as they watched bar patrons being forced into a police van. Early publications show that the LGBTQIA+ community largely did not use the term riot until years after the fact. The severity of the punishment varies from state to state. And you felt bad that you were part of this, when you knew they broke the law, but what kind of law was that? The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History . Do you understand me?". And the cops got that. In 1969, it had no liquor license and held refuge for gay men and transvestites against the prejudiced police and laws. Use all four of your sources (two primary and two secondary) to answer the questions below. You knew you could ruin them for life. Mike Wallace (Archival):The average homosexual, if there be such, is promiscuous. Few photographs of the raid and the riots that followed exist. They'd think I'm a cop even though I had a big Jew-fro haircut and a big handlebar mustache at the time. Virginia Apuzzo:It's very American to say, "This is not right." And they were gay. Martha Shelley:I don't know if you remember the Joan Baez song, "It isn't nice to block the doorway, it isn't nice to go to jail, there're nicer ways to do it but the nice ways always fail." National Archives and Records Administration Narrator (Archival):Richard Enman, president of the Mattachine Society of Florida, whose goal is to legalize homosexuality between consenting adults, was a reluctant participant in tonight's program. WebLast Friday the privacy of the Stonewall was invaded by police from the First Division. Martin Boyce:It was thrilling. TV Host (Archival):And Sonia is that your own hair? Somebody grabbed me by the leg and told me I wasn't going anywhere. WebView Valiyah Johnson - Stonewall Riot Questions.pdf from ACCT 40 at Georgia Virtual School. John O'Brien:Cops got hurt. You had no place to try to find an identity. Not even us. Other images in this film are either recreations or drawn from events of the time. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Armed with a warrant, police officers entered the club, The windows were always cloaked. Because its all right in the Village, but the minute we cross 14th street, if there's only ten of us, God knows what's going to happen to us.". And they started smashing their heads with clubs. In the last three weeks five gay bars in the Village area that I know of have been hit by the police (The Summer of Gay Power and the Village Voice Exposed, COME OUT, 1969). The very idea of being out, it was ludicrous. In addition to launching numerous public demonstrations to protest the lack of civil rights for gay individuals, these organizations often resorted to such tactics as public confrontations with political officials and the disruption of public meetings to challenge and to change the mores of the times. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:I had a column inThe Village Voicethat ran from '66 all the way through '84. First you gotta get past the door. John O'Brien:In the Civil Rights Movement, we ran from the police, in the peace movement, we ran from the police. Yvonne Ritter:And then everybody started to throw pennies like, you know, this is what they were, they were nothing but copper, coppers, that's what they were worth. Somehow being gay was the most terrible thing you could possibly be. It was terrifying. The Mafia owned the jukeboxes, they owned the cigarette machines and most of the liquor was off a truck hijacking. It was a raid. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We had maybe six people and by this time there were several thousand outside. Greg Shea, Legal They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Audience Member (Archival):I was wondering if you think that there are any quote "happy homosexuals" for whom homosexuality would be, in a way, their best adjustment in life? as an authoritative account of the uprising. They were to us. Jimmy knew he shouldn't be interested but, well, he was curious. The parades official chant was: Say it loud, gay is proud.. The medical experimentation in Atascadero included administering, to gay people, a drug that simulated the experience of drowning; in other words, a pharmacological example of waterboarding. And all of a sudden, pandemonium broke loose. manner of the way the police conducted themselves. Participants of the 1969 Greenwich Village uprising describe the effect that Stonewall had on their lives. It provides references for primary documents related to the materials reprinted inThe Stonewall Riots; most of the sources come from newspapers, magazines, and newsletters. And I found them in the movie theatres, sitting there, next to them. were wrongplain and simple.. It sparked protests, political organization for gays, and gay pride parades. Martha Shelley:They wanted to fit into American society the way it was. Nobody. In short, on the morning of June 28, the Stonewall was full of people who had every reason not to want to show their IDs. Fred Sargeant:When it was clear that things were definitely over for the evening, we decided we needed to do something more. E.R.C.H.O. John O'Brien:Heterosexuals, legally, had lots of sexual outlets. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:So at that point the police are extremely nervous. Yvonne Ritter:It's like people who are, you know, black people who are used to being mistreated, and going to the back of the bus and I guess this was sort of our going to the back of the bus. Doric Wilson Stonewall and Marsha Johnson Documents Documenting the Stonewall Riots: A Bibliography of On June 24, 1969, the Public Morals squad of Manhattans First Police Division raided the Stonewall Inn. According to all of these documents one of the main causes of these riots were sparked whenever they failed to pay off the cops. WebIt provides references for primary documents related to the materials reprinted in The Stonewall Riots; most of the sources come from newspapers, magazines, and And I raised my hand at one point and said, "Let's have a protest march." Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:It was getting worse and worse. Little is known about the four people cited in the documents Vincent DePaul, Marilyn Fowler, Wolfgang Podolski and Thomas Staton whose involvement was not previously documented. It's not my cup of tea. In June 28, 1969, in Greenwich Village, The New York City Police Department fueled by bigoted liquor licensing practices and an omnipresent backdrop of homophobia My father said, "About time you fags rioted.". The day is now celebrated globally to honor the brave individuals who stood up to the system and protested for equality in 1969. The Stonewall was also not the only bar in town being frequently raided. Biting had not been documented as a tactic of the rioters. Fred Sargeant:Three articles of clothing had to be of your gender or you would be in violation of that law. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). So in every gay pride parade every year, Stonewall lives. Martha Shelley:Before Stonewall, the homophile movement was essentially the Mattachine Society and Daughters of Bilitis and all of these other little gay organizations, some of which were just two people and a mimeograph machine. Popular. Home - Research Guides at Library of Congress (Sourcing) Who was Dick Leitsch? City Room, a news blog of live reporting, features and reader conversations about New York City, has been archived. You can find the latest New York Today However, once the bar reopened the next day, the cops planned a surprise raid that upcoming weekend. Stonewall Calling 'em names, telling 'em how good-looking they were, grabbing their butts. We knew that this was a moment that we didn't want to let slip past, because it was something that we could use to bring more of the groups together. It was a down at a heels kind of place, it was a lot of street kids and things like that. There was at least one gay bar that was run just as a hustler bar for straight gay married men. A Police Department report from the early morning of June 28, 1969, at the start of the Stonewall uprising, is part of a small collection of newly released documents. The Genovese family bribed New Yorks Sixth Police Precinct to ignore the activities occurring within the club. It was right in the center of where we all were. Dick Leitsch:And so the cops came with these buses, like five buses, and they all were full of tactical police force. Arrest Reports From the 1969 Stonewall Uprising, City University of New York Graduate Center, photographs taken by The New York Times from the final night of the riots, Litter and Graffiti Show Norwoods Distress, Tavern on the Green Seeks Publics Support. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:At the peak, as many as 500 people per year were arrested for the crime against nature, and between 3- and 5,000 people per year arrested for various solicitation or loitering crimes.
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